Descriptive Essay Me, Myself, And I - 744 Words

â€Å"Me, Myself, and I† I’m from the foreign language that my family communicates with. I’m from the cold blister winter and the blazing, melting sun. I’m from the place where the explorers traveled to discover America. I’m from the mountainshills layered with a covered white blanket that I swim to the end. From visiting every year to exploding when leaving. From the ancient city to the modern me, there is always something to explore. I am from the urban but, agricultural town where all to see is beautiful. I’m from the Italian Country.The most magical place in the world, Padua, Italy. I’m from having the most responsibilities. I’m from having to divide everything with my brother like he is becoming me, but with another person connected to†¦show more content†¦I am from the horse gallop as me and my horse Baby move up to the jump†¦ â€Å"and we are over.† The moving spirit of having to play ball or compete. I’m from the smell of freshly baked cookies that could feed me for the rest of my life. I’m from the magical smell of the pie that has a hot red tomato sauce and gooey mozzarella cheese no one can resist. I am from the heartfelt noodles with the creamy pesto sauce that is like a wonder that no one can resist. I’m from the delicate macaroon that sits in the front waiting for me to come and taking the most colossal chomp. I’m from the shivering delightful bite of my grandmother’s cake as it gets consumed in a minute. I’m from the melting chocolate savory deliciousness that gets dipped in with a strawberry, and it is like a melting glacier. I’m from the screaming honey smell clearing out my nose having to believe it will one day be the heart and soul of me. From the salty tooth that I obtain you can always see a sweet tooth on the outside. I’m from the repetition of work. As a thunderstorm of tears when I fail. As always a sun will appear and melt my heart with the care it gives to me. The new system is a fire that you have to up in time. Sometimes the fire becomes tremendous and sometimes it narrows down. It always depends on if you try or not. You will never accomplish anything if you don’t try, try again. You will become the most horrible failure in the world if you do notShow MoreRelatedNarrative vs. Descriptive Writing977 Words   |  4 Pages A narrative essay uses a point of view to tell a story. It is an engaging way for an author to tell his reader about an experience they have had or a personal story. Descriptive writing is a description of something. It could be a person, place, thing, emotion or experience. The author is allowed more artistic freedom when writing in descriptive form. While both descriptive and narrative essays are similar in many ways, the descriptive essays use of l anguage fully immerses the reader intoRead MoreHow Personal Responsibility Will Lead to My Success Essay1089 Words   |  5 Pagesresponsibility means to me holding yourself accountable for not only the successes in your life but also your downfalls. If a person can do this they will not only be successful in their education but in their careers and life in general. Even though some people who lack personal responsibility do just fine in life, personal responsibility will lead to my success in and beyond school because it gives me the confidence to succeed, and will lead to a better life for my family and me. Now as to my approachRead MoreMy Writing Skills Improved Over The Last Semester950 Words   |  4 Pagesclass, I learned about the 4 steps in writing, bases for revising, organizing, and connecting specific information, and I also learned about the different types of essays such as descriptive, narrative, process, cause and effect and argumentative essay. I have been a student at Milwaukee Area Technical College for 1 semester, and over the course of my enrollment I have grown and learned more that I knew prior to attending this writing course. Participating in this writing class has taught me so muchRead MoreCage Bird and How to Say Nothing in 500 Words768 Words   |  4 Pagesto compare. When I start to review narrative and descriptive essays, I have to try to understand what separates the two. I chose to compare â€Å"Caged Bird†, by Maya Angelou as my Descriptive essay and â€Å"How to say nothing in 500 words†, by Paul McHenry Roberts as my narrative essay. To me these two essays set themselves apart from each other, not just because of the different styles of writers, but the meaningful message that was delivered in both essays. While both of these essays have a strong messageRead MoreDescriptive Essay On Imagine A Cloud735 Words   |  3 PagesEver since I was young, I have had a passion for reading and writing. It is just something that has always come easily to me. So when eleven-year-old me walked through the dimly lit hallways of Johnsonville Elementary School, into a strange classroom, and sat in my boxed-in-desk and was told that I was writing a descriptive essay, I was extremely excited. It would be the first time that I had ever written a descriptive-based paper. Nevertheless, it was a newly-introduced challenge, and I was readyRead MoreMy First Year Experience Program1134 Words   |  5 Pagesduring their first semester of college. For me, there wasn’t high expectations at my previous school of good writing technique s and correct uses of writing tools. During the course of this semester I became a stronger writer and well prepared for the rest of my college career here at Pacific Lutheran University by improving my vocabulary, being more descriptive and altering my writing process to be more successful. The Writing 101 assignment that I have chosen best demonstrates my progress asRead MoreMy Experience Of English Composition972 Words   |  4 Pagesday one, I knew that this class was not going to be a â€Å"walk in the park†, so I tried to prepare myself for what was to come. Throughout this semester, I have recognized my strengths as well as my weaknesses , and I still continue to struggle with a lot of them to this day. Through it all, this class has been a journey that has taught me a lot. When we first began to write our descriptive essay, my confidence level was sky high. I thought that my writing skills were fairly decent, and I was not worriedRead MoreThe Task Of Composing A Descriptive Essay1310 Words   |  6 Pagesmy Composition I teacher assigned the class the task of composing a descriptive essay. This led me to the question, â€Å"what is a descriptive essay?† What topic could I possible write about for three whole pages? What have I done, seen, or experience that could fill these three long pages? My life thus far has been quite sheltered, so this has created quite the dilemma for me. Being that I am supposed to be descriptive, I feel the need to describe the stress that this has created for me. My physical symptomsRead MoreComing Into English By Ray Bradbury875 Words   |  4 PagesComing into English 1301-590 I thought nothing of it. I was not sure what I was expecting out of it, or what was expected of me. However, I have gained more knowledge f rom the course than I predicted. I was also challenged more than I thought I would be. I am glad that I have taken English, especially my freshman year. I am able to use all of my new writing strategies beyond this semester because my writing has improved after defeating a few writing challenges. I have developed and improved numerousRead MoreReflection Of College Level Writing836 Words   |  4 Pagesschool now to high-school, I have struggled with writing papers. I was not an excellent writer or rather the best writer. I had trouble with expressing my main idea of my paper whenever I was given a topic. Even though my teachers would tell me to brainstorm before I started writing, I still somehow struggled because I was better at letting ideas flow through my head as I write. I was not an expert at developing sentence structure or details as well. Over the course of my life, I have grown in these areas

The Conflict Between Great Britain and the North American...

â€Å"Despite the view of some historians that the conflict between Great Britain and its thirteen North American colonies was economic in origin, in fact the American Revolution had its roots in politics and other areas of American life.† Great Britain and the American colonies had a relationship impacted with many hardships. I believe that there was a political struggle between the two groups, but that Great Britain and the American colonies used economics as a chance to show how much control they had. Multiple Acts written by Parliament, the colonies Committees of Correspondence and Continental Congress created political friction between Great Britain and the American colonies. One example of the power struggle was the arguments over†¦show more content†¦They created a political separation because they were a threat to England. They intentionally gathered and planned to try and change the way England controlled America. The Committees of Correspondence focused on creating propaganda around issues involving Great Britain. They stirred up resistance against England and helped encourage the population to turn on their mother country. They had multiple groups in the nation, one main organization per state, and the groups exchanged ideas with each other. Not only did it create separation and tension between Britain and the colonies by making propaganda, but it was a way for the very separate and independent-feeling states to work together and form an alliance just strong enough to go up against England in the upcoming years during the revolution. Another event that shows that the separation was more than economic, was the Continental Congress of 1774. This was not aimed towards a total rebellion and revolution, but towards an attempt to seal the cracks that had begun to spread between England and the American colonies. This group of twelve of the thirteen colonies wanted to make a point and get the taxation laws repealed at the same time. They created The Association document, which called for a complete boycott of British goods in the colonies. Those who resisted the Association were tarredShow MoreRelatedThe Decline Of The Colonial Era929 Words   |  4 Pagesfrom the Colonial period to what is now known as the United State came by way of the American Revolution. The American Revolution led to the birth of a nation which in turn led to its westward expansion. The westward expansion exposed internal conflicts, between the North and the South, eventually leading to the Civil War. The development of America was birth through the merger of the Colonial era and the American Revolution and it struggled, as it grew up, first in its rough expansion west then inRead MoreThe American Revolutionary War And Defeat Great Britain852 Words   |  4 PagesThe American Revolution, one of the most historical events in its time period and now. We as Americans represent this event in celebrating Independence Day. On July 4th of every year Americans celebrate the departure and independence we obtained from Great Britain. It was the British who controlled and basically owned the Thirteen Colonies of North America in which we now know as the United States. Making the lives of American citizens miserable and unable to bare the bondage from the rules, regulationsRead MoreThe American Colonies Military Struggles with European Nations687 Words   |  3 Pages the American Revolution, and the War of 1812 are all significant links in the chronological chain of history that has led us to the creation of the United States of Ame rica. If any of these linked events were not to have occurred or had a different outcome, the United States very well would not exist or would still be a group of European colonies. Lasting from 1756 until 1763, The French and Indian War was mainly a proxy war fought between the American Colonies acting as proxies for Great BritainRead MoreThe American Revolution : The United States1517 Words   |  7 PagesIvette Hernandez December 5, 2015 History 8A The American Revolution The United States of America has gone through a series of unimaginable events and drastic occurrences to become the powerful nation it is today. Many of these events have shaped the United States, and I think a key factor in how the United States works today resulted from the American Revolution. The American Revolution did not just affect North America, but also the world when it brought a strong superpower into the image. AlthoughRead MoreConflict Between Great Britain And The British Colonies843 Words   |  4 PagesS History June 1, 2015 Conflict between Great Britain and the British Colonies On a quest to expand their empire, Great Britain tried to colonize any land they could find. The British settlements established on the east coast of North America include Delaware, Pennsylvania, New Jersey,Georgia, Connecticut, Massachusetts, Maryland, South Carolina, New Hampshire, Virginia, New York, North Carolina, and Rhode Island, and were founded between 1607 and 1732. 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Analyse the different attitudes the poets Essay Example For Students

Analyse the different attitudes the poets Essay Analyse the different attitudes the poets John Keats and P. B. Shelley have towards nature in the poems Ode To A Nightingale, Ode On A Grecian Urn, Ode To Autumn, Ode To The West Wind and To A Skylark. A: Nature is not only all that is visible to the eye it also includes the inner pictures of the soul, (Edvard Munch. ) The five poems Ode To A Nightingale, Ode On A Grecian Urn, Ode To Autumn, Ode To The West Wind and To A Skylark, reveal the perspectives of John Keats and P. B. Shelley towards life, nature and human identity. The poets fluently convey their innermost feelings to the readers by using effective means of expression and sophisticated forms of language. These five nature poems look differently upon human perspectives and narrate a tale relating to the poets own lives and experiences. There is a symbolism in every motif used and a hidden truth in every poem. The poems are encrusted with a deep philosophical message concerning either the wastefulness of human life or the fruitfulness of nature. Comprising of the various themes of loss, death and ferocity in nature, the poems cause its readers to enter the very minds of the poets. Keats and Shelley are amongst the most renowned Romantics writers of their times. Keats believed in the inferiority of man as compared to nature because he, as a patient of tuberculosis, could only notice the moments of his life slipping away. Moreover, witnessing the death of his family magnifies his grief. Keats therefore shares his obsession with the subject of silence and slow time. For him, the stagnant picture on the Grecian urn is far more superior to the flux in human life. To John Keats, even the nightingale is an immortal bird which has filled entire generations with harmonious madness. (To a skylark. ) Thus to Keats, Man is only symbolic to an individual who will one day grow pale and spectre-thin, but the nightingale represents an entire species which owns both, symphony and full-throated ease. Another Romantic poet whose ideas coincide with Keats is Dylan Thomas. In one of his poems, The Force That Thorough The Green Fuse Drives The Flower, Thomas makes direct and philosophical references to death and disease. He conveys the idea that the nature that gives life can also destroy when needed and can thus force people into a state of wintry fever. Dylan Thomas as a poet seems to write about the same ideas as Keats does. P. B. Shelley on the other hand represents freedom and excitement through his poems. Due to his rebellious nature, Shelleys writing is packed with enthusiasm and openness. He seems to be greatly influenced with the idea of freedom in all the aspects of nature and thus beckons the skylark to pourest thy full heart. Shelley has a missionarys zeal to change the world. He wants to become the impetuous, wild west wind to drive his dead thoughts over the universe. Shelley explains his need to reach out to the whole universe and he therefore personifies the west wind to be able to share his thoughts with one and all. Shelley also seems to have a cheerful faith in nature. (Tintern Abbey). However unlike Shelley, William Wordsworth, a renowned Romantics writer finds solace in nature. Wordsworth is like a high priest of nature. To him nature is a blend of compassion and cherishing. His poem Lines Written A Few Miles Above Tintern Abbey, shows that under the influence of nature, the weary weight upon his mind is lightened. .u8a3aca93f72559fd2b4ff7b9fedf4441 , .u8a3aca93f72559fd2b4ff7b9fedf4441 .postImageUrl , .u8a3aca93f72559fd2b4ff7b9fedf4441 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u8a3aca93f72559fd2b4ff7b9fedf4441 , .u8a3aca93f72559fd2b4ff7b9fedf4441:hover , .u8a3aca93f72559fd2b4ff7b9fedf4441:visited , .u8a3aca93f72559fd2b4ff7b9fedf4441:active { border:0!important; } .u8a3aca93f72559fd2b4ff7b9fedf4441 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u8a3aca93f72559fd2b4ff7b9fedf4441 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u8a3aca93f72559fd2b4ff7b9fedf4441:active , .u8a3aca93f72559fd2b4ff7b9fedf4441:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u8a3aca93f72559fd2b4ff7b9fedf4441 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u8a3aca93f72559fd2b4ff7b9fedf4441 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u8a3aca93f72559fd2b4ff7b9fedf4441 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u8a3aca93f72559fd2b4ff7b9fedf4441 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u8a3aca93f72559fd2b4ff7b9fedf4441:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u8a3aca93f72559fd2b4ff7b9fedf4441 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u8a3aca93f72559fd2b4ff7b9fedf4441 .u8a3aca93f72559fd2b4ff7b9fedf4441-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u8a3aca93f72559fd2b4ff7b9fedf4441:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: A Separate Peace Essay Prompts Thus we see that nature has the power to appease Wordsworths ruffled thoughts. His poem Tintern Abbey, deals with the theme of nostalgia. In the poem, Wordsworth reminisces the cheerful memories of his childhood. Just like Shelley, he personifies nature and his spirit turns to it in times in sad perplexity. To Wordsworth nature not only provides strong companionship but also pleasures of his boyish days. Therefore we can say that even though the poems of John Keats, P. B. Shelley, Dylan Thomas and William Wordsworth revolve around the main theme of nature, they have varying attitudes towards the same subject. Keats poems To Autumn and Ode To A Nightingale, bring out the compassionate element in nature and depict it as a gentle and caring figure. On the other hand, his poem Ode On A Grecian Urn is inspired by a Roman copy of a Greek vase. However in all his poems Keats gives the readers a thorough description of the nature he witnesses but even this description is influenced with his own perspective of life and humanity. Shelley on the other hand personifies the west wind and gives it the twin personality of a preserver and a destroyer. Shelley is fascinated with the west wind because for Shelley, the west wind is a tool for spreading his ideas and thoughts. In his poem To A Skylark, Shelley talks about recluse and freedom. Due to his own free life, Shelley finds peace and comfort in independence. Thus in the poem, To A Skylark, Shelley hails the blithe spirit of the bird. His poem brings out the not only the unconcealable beauty of nature but also pays a tribute to the sunburnt mirth in the skylark. (Ode To A Nightingale). The titles used by the poets not only bring out the true essence of the poem but also communicate its central idea. Most of the poems have been written in odes to reveal the poets passion towards nature. Ode To A Nightingale and To A Skylark bring out Keats and Shelleys appreciation towards birds which represent liberty. Keats has written the poem as an ode because he feels to think is to be full of sorrow. Thus he says that he would like to exchange his position with the nightingale and would like to flee on the viewless wings of poesy. Ode on a Grecian urn, is written by Keats in praise of a vase so as to marvel its beauty. Since Keats had a profound interest in art and nature, he may have written this poem to praise the beauty that can be created and witnessed even in inanimate objects. For Keats, even a lifeless object is the figure of charm and elegance as he is on the crossroads of his life. He therefore can no longer dismiss even the little joys in his life and cannot take them for granted. Similarly, the poems Ode To Autumn and Ode To The West Wind narrate an articulate admiration towards the fruitful season of autumn .

The ABCs of the ACT

When you’re starting your ACT prep, sifting through test materials can be overwhelming. There’s a lot of information, both helpful and unhelpful, about the exam out there. So how do you know where to begin?In this post, we’ll take a look at ACT basics: from how to start your studies to what to do when you finish a section on test day. By getting a solid background on the A, B, Cs of the ACT, you’ll set yourself up for even greater success on the official exam!A: Address your weaknessesMore specifically, figure out what your weaknesses are and then address them. How? Start out by taking a practice test. Make sure you take it under test-like conditions: all in one go, with scheduled breaks, in a quiet environment (and no flipping back and forth between sections once time is up). After scoring the exam, spend a couple hoursthat’s right, a couple hours!going over your results. Don’t just look at your overall (composite) score or even your in-sect ion scores, though those are helpful. Instead, start keeping an â€Å"error log,† in which you write down the questions you got wrong, classifying the question types, then writing out the correct answer and how to get there. Most practice tests will have explanations to help you with this last part. Keep updating this error log throughout your ACT prepyou’ll be amazed at how far you come.B: Be preparedEven if you’re taking the exam tomorrow, there are a few things you can still do to help your score, and they all come down to preparation. Confronting the unknown on the official exam can not only increase any test anxiety, but it can also have a huge (and hugely negative) impact on your score. Here’s a quick rundown of ACT basics. Test Format: The ACT is a multiple-choice test, with an optional essay. Test Sections: The ACT is broken down into four or five sections (known as â€Å"tests†I know, it’s confusing), depending on whether you’re taking the Writing test. In order, these are: Test Timing: How long is the ACT? Again, it all depends on that essay. Without it, the ACT takes 2 hours and 55 minutes; with it, the exam takes 3 hours and 35 minutes. English Math Reading Science Writing (optional) C: Constantly evaluate your workThat goes for both your ACT prep and the work you do on the official exam. During your prep, the error log is a great place to start. Which question types do you consistently miss? Do you often make avoidable mistakes like dropping a negative sign when you shouldn’t have? Then, in the week leading up to test day, go over that error log and identify which patterns you can see in your most recent 2-3 tests. During the actual exam, make sure that you leave around five minutes at the end of each section to go back and double-check your work on those question types. At the end of the day, a little information goes a long way. On the other hand, a lot of information goes a lot farther! If your test date is fast approaching, this might mean retaking the ACT, but it’ll be worth it in the study time you’ll gain. The more time you have to prepare, practice, and evaluate your work, the better chance you’ll have of hitting that dream scoreand getting into your dream school.Studying for the SAT or ACT? Get 10% off ’s recommended test prep, Magoosh, with the promo code 10.

Gordon Allport essays

Gordon Allport essays Born in Montezuma, Indiana, in 1897, Gordon Allport, was the youngest of four brothers. He had a shy and serious personality, and was teased due to which he lived rather an isolated childhood. His father, who was a country doctor, wanted Gordon to grow up with his father's patients and nurses and all the belongings of a miniature hospital. However, his early life was quite pleasant and ordinary (Valerie, 2000). When writing about Allport, one of his stories is always mentioned: At the age of 22, he went to Vienna and met with Sigmund Freud. When he arrived in Freud's office, Freud just waited for Gordon to begin. After a while, as Gordon was not able to hold on to the silence, he exclaimed an observation he had made while on his way to meet him. He revealed that he saw a little boy on the bus who was extremely upset at having to sit where previously a dirty old man was sitting (Valerie, 2000). According to Gordon's observation, he has learned this attribute from his mother, whom must be a very neat and seemed to be rather dominant kind. Freud didn't take this observation as merely an observation, but instead he took it as an expression of some profound, inborn process in Gordon's mind, and stated "And was that little boy you'" Through this experience he realized that in-depth psychology sometimes digs too deeply, just the way he realized earlier that behaviorism usually doesn't dig to that much extent (Valerie, 2000). In 1922, Allport received his Ph.D. in Psychology from Harvard, following footsteps of his brother Floyd. Much of his career was spent in developing theories and exploring social issues like prejudice, and later develop personality tests (Valerie, 2000). In 1967, he died in Cambridge Massachusetts. The center of his work was in the theory of Personality. His books on personality include Personality: A Psychological Inter ...

Best Picture Oscar Winners at the Academy Awards

Best Picture Oscar Winners at the Academy Awards Since its inception, the Academy Awards has honored one film each year, calling it the Best Picture. The announcement of the Best Picture Oscar winner is often the highlight of an Academy Awards ceremony. Below is a list of every single Best Picture Oscar award winner.   * Please note that the years listed below are the years the films were created, i.e. the Academy Award ceremony that honored these films were held in the spring of the following year. The Best Picture Oscar Winners 1927-28 Wings1928-29 Broadway Melody1929-30 All Quiet on the Western Front1930-31 Cimarron1931-32 Grand Hotel1932-33 Cavalcade1934 It Happened One Night1935 Mutiny on the Bounty1936 The Great Ziegfeld1937 The Life of Emile Zola1938 You Cant Take It With You1939 Gone With the Wind1940 Rebecca1941 How Green Was My Valley1942 Mrs. Miniver1943 Casablanca1944 Going My Way1945 The Lost Weekend1946 The Best Years of Our Lives1947 Gentlemens Agreement1948 Hamlet1949 All the Kings Men1950 All About Eve1951 An American in Paris1952 The Greatest Show on Earth1953 From Here to Eternity1954 On the Waterfront1955 Marty1956 Around the World in 80 Days1957 The Bridge on the River Kwai1958 Gigi1959 Ben-Hur1960 The Apartment1961 West Side Story1962 Lawrence of Arabia1963 Tom Jones1964 My Fair Lady1965 The Sound of Music1966 A Man for All Seasons1967 In the Heat of the Night1968 Oliver!1969 Midnight Cowboy1970 Patton1971 The French Connection1972 The Godfather1973 The Sting1974 The Godfather Part II197 5 One Flew Over the Cuckoos Nest1976 Rocky1977 Annie Hall1978 The Deer Hunter1979 Kramer vs. Kramer1980 Ordinary People1981 Chariots of Fire1982 Gandhi1983 Terms of Endearment1984 Amadeus1985 Out of Africa1986 Platoon1987 The Last Emperor1988 Rain Man1989 Driving Miss Daisy1990 Dances With Wolves1991 The Silence of the Lambs1992 Unforgiven1993 Schindlers List1994 Forrest Gump1995 Braveheart1996 The English Patient1997 Titanic1998 Shakespeare in Love1999 American Beauty2000 Gladiator2001 A Beautiful Mind2002 Chicago2003 The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King2004 Million Dollar Baby2005 Crash2006 The Departed2007 No Country for Old Men2008 Slumdog Millionaire2009 The Hurt Locker2010  The Kings Speech2011  The Artist2012  Argo2013  12 Years a Slave2014  Birdman2015 Spotlight2016 Moonlight2017

The last financial crisis 2007-2009 has many implication on different Term Paper

The last financial crisis 2007-2009 has many implication on different markets , however there are some arguments that the gulf a - Term Paper Example Granting of loans in an uncontrolled manner, which resulted in the value of the loan exceeding that of the assets, was the root of the problem. These loans were provided to the borrowers without conducting a minimum check on their credit-worthiness. The result was that many of the borrowers failed to pay their loans back, which clearly reflected the financial status of the institutions and their inability to pay their obligations, thereby resulting into collapse. This paper investigates the severity of the impact on the GCC market. In this context, the financial market of the GCC countries has been considered along with special attention towards Qatar. The study revealed that the severity of the impact was not as huge as compared to the rest of the world. This can be due to the fact that the policy makers of GCC countries took ardent steps to mitigate the risk. Moreover, the Qatari economy did not get much affected and the banks were declared solvent in that time. However, the real e state business was seen to experience huge hit by the credit crunch. 1. Introduction In the year 2008 and 2009, the global economy was rocked by the financial crisis which was considered as the most devastating economic event, after the Great Depression in 1930s. The aftermath of this global crisis was felt in every part of the world. The global crisis was initiated by the low interest rate regime along with huge inflow of foreign funds that led to the housing construction boom and encouraged large consumption of debt-financing in USA. The Federal Government of United States made it possible for almost everyone to own a home by giving 1 percent rate on the mortgages. The loans that included the mortgages were given to almost everybody without checking the credit worthiness of the borrowers (Sivakumar and Krishnaswami, 2012). With the decline in the housing prices, the major financial institutions, which were involved in borrowing for investing in the subprime MBS, had reported signi ficant loss. This decrease in the price also resulted in a fall in the prices of the homes that worth less than the mortgage loans, which incentivised financially the entry towards the foreclosure. Towards the end of 2008, the crisis peaked. Several banks and other financial institutions of Europe and USA failed as a result of this crisis and governments were trying hard to save these institutions by bailing them out (Kasekende, Ndikumana and Rajhi, 2009; Anon., 2009). The crisis started propagating beyond its epicentre, thereby affecting not only the advanced economy, but also the emerging economies and the rich Arab GCC countries. This paper aims to analyse the degree of impact on the GCC countries. In this context, the paper will specially analyse the situation in Qatar and other GCC countries. 2. Literature Review 2.1 Evolvement and Concept of Global Financial Crisis The term financial crisis refers to the sudden reduction in the price of the assets, which can be financial, such as, bonds and shares and can even be materials like, equipments and machinery. This sudden reduction can result from the price bubble which indicates an abrupt and huge increase in the prices ending in a sudden collapse. Moreover, the bankruptcy of Lehman Brothers, the giant financial institu

Public administration Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

Public administration - Essay Example Guided by morality, an individual is usually obliged to do good even if that good is contrary to the law set by specific persons. A plethora of studies have indeed shown that driving at very high speeds on the highway can lead to tragic road accidents. It has also been proven that some governments are willing to pay up to $1.54 million for every life lost in these traffic accidents just to make the people arrive to work places fast enough at the same time without considering this is human life they are taking for granted. By using the utilitarian philosophy, which is the moral obligation of every human being to do a common good for the best interest of others, the outcome in most cases lead to happiness. Driving at very high speeds on the highways can lead to fatal loss of lives and as such, it is an undesirable outcome. Instead of causing happiness, it causes grief as well as sadness, which is contrary to utilitarian philosophy. At times, it is essential that one keeps in mind that, whatever action you decide to take, the consequences to others will be reciprocated back to you once in your lifetime, regardless of them being good or bad. It is worth noting that the course of actions that one decides to take at a certain time is always intended to cause the highest degree of happiness. In regard to the given case, driving at high speeds in a highway cause grief and sadness instead of the happiness anticipated in order to feel complete. If everybody became morally obligated to conserving human life, no one would drive in such high speeds as driving in high speeds on highways cause discomfort to others. Upholding human life is the important moral and as such, doing so reflects respects his/her right to life (Stillman, 2009). It is in such instance that we ought to apply the deontological ethics used to guide an individual through his/her day to day life. According to deontological theory, one should uphold

Microeconomics Coursework Essay Essay Example for Free

Microeconomics Coursework Essay Essay Critically evaluate and discuss the advantages and disadvantages of Customer Boycotts. Compare and contrast either Coca Cola or Bacardi with another consumer boycott of your choice and discuss appropriate microeconomic theoretical models. Firstly to understand this question we need to understand what a customer or consumer boycott actually is. Well it is normally called by an organisation or a group of individuals, asking consumers not to buy a specific product, or the products of a specific company, in order to exert commercial pressure. This is usually done to get the company to change behaviour, to cease an activity or to adopt a more ethical practice. For this essay I am going to discuss many advantages and disadvantages of consumer boycotts and also I have decided to compare and contrast coca cola with the Nestle boycott. There are various ways to make a boycott efficient. To be efficient a reduction of 1-2% of turnaround of a company (or product) is seen as the critical mass needed. (27 Mar 2003, Demanding consumer [online]. Available at:). Boycotts can be successful, for example, in 1986 Rainforest Action Network launched a boycott of Burger King. This was because of Burger King importing beef from tropical rainforest countries because it was cheap. But the rainforests were getting destroyed in order to provide pasture for cattle. As a result of the boycott, Burger Kings sales dropped by 12%. In response, Burger King cancelled thirty-five million dollars worth of beef contracts in Central America and announced that the company would stop importing rainforest beef. Boycott calls are at times controversial because they may be called by groups from the political side or for activities that people dont specifically disagree. Boycott efforts can include protests against everything from  investing in a politically undesirable country to discouragement of the eating or drinking of products from certain companies or countries. Boycotts are not always effective and only a limited percentage of countries consumers will participate in one. While many people are sympathetic to the reason behind a boycott, not enough people join in. One of the main reasons is that people do not see their actions as having any results. This may be partly due to only concentrating on what happens to the primary target of a boycott. But there are also secondary effects which I will talk about later. There are many advantages to consumer boycotts that I will discuss now. Obviously the main advantage is when the boycotts work, as said above with the boycott of burger king, and the company consequently changes its ways. But more often than not boycotts rarely change the companies ways or at least so that the consumer knows about it. One advantage is that boycotts are a way that consumers can use their power for positive social change. Boycotts can be effective because when successful they will result in increased public scrutiny of the company. This in turn will cause concerns inside the company about lost profits from the loss in consumer interest and companies are always concerned about their financial position. Another advantage is that a boycott can hold a company accountable for any policies that negatively affect the environment or people. This is an advantage because a company could be ignoring the problem but with a consumer boycott more and more people will find out about the problem and may also decide to join in. The negative coverage that will arise from media coverage of the boycott may become a big problem for the company in the long run, since competitors may gain a relative advantage. An example of this is that after the boycott of French wines in Denmark had calmed down, the French wines had lost 20 percent market share. Also there was a bigger problem, because the general impression was that consumers could be persuaded to switch back to French  wines. But many supermarket shelves had been reorganised in order to give more space to Italian and Spanish wines, and this was considered a more serious problem. (Can Consumer boycotts work, 2002 [online]. Available at: I mentioned briefly earlier something called a primary effect, well this would be where the target organisation changes its practice. Many targets are however reluctant to change as the result of hostile pressure, and even if changes are made they may try to hide the fact that the consumer action had any effect. There is also the fact that most boycotts are small by comparison to the overall sales, so a target can ride out a boycott. Thus the primary effects may be small and many boycotts may be judged not to have succeeded. So this could be seen as a disadvantage. But the secondary effects are an advantage and are the effects that are not connected to the target. They are effects on other organisations that are not in conflict and can therefore change without the public knowing. Secondary effects can be changes to regulations, lasting change in industry practices, allowing substantial growth entrance of ethical players into the market or effects on decisions of similar organisations to the target. (Why Secondary Effects, [online]. Available at: An example of secondary effects is if someone refuses to buy Nescafe (the coffee brand from Nestle) then he may choose to buy a brand from a much smaller company. The positive effect to this smaller company is much larger than the negative effect to Nestle. The new company may find out that many people are switching to it on ethical grounds and position itself in the market to take advantage of this by, for example, publishing a code of conduct. Having switched brand once this person will have less brand loyalty and a newly formed company will know this by market research and will know they have a better chance of success in the coffee sector. (Why Secondary Effects, [online]. Available at: The boycott campaigns can also be important in developing political consciousness and can be one of the few non violent means to create political pressure. Another advantage is the exposure of the company and with less people buying their products the consumers will be looking at  buying substitute goods and therefore the demand for these will increase and therefore the supply will also increase. Consumer boycotts will increase competition in the market and firms will reduce their prices as a result to compete and also to gain the extra consumers that have less brand loyalty. The firms profits will also reduce and the smaller firms will gain more of the market share. There are also disadvantages to boycotts though. One of these could be a large reduction in jobs, Boycotting Nestle products wont help the poor farmers who sell to the company, the head of Oxfam said. (Charlotte Denny, 2002. Retreat by Nestle on Ethiopias $6 debt [online]. The Guardian. Available at: ) They can have an adverse impact on individuals and communities which become innocent victims of the economic damage that boycotts can cause. Obviously there are disadvantages for the company as the reputation of the company will be harmed as a result of the impact of consumer boycotts, this isnt good for it as it would need to lower its prices because the demand will become less. This is shown below As the demand falls so does the equilibrium price (Pe1 to Pe2). Another disadvantage to the company is that the company budgets will get ruined and will need to be analysed and changed. Also the gross domestic product of the host country could fall which is a disadvantage. In extreme cases there could be a loss of multinational specialisation and technology in a third world country as the company may not do their business their. There could be a loss of consumer choice if the product ceases after a boycott. Boycotts like that of advertising of cigarettes can cost businesses their survival, as in motor racing as half the advertising used to come from cigarette companies. Now a lot struggle to get the advertising money needed. There can also occasionally be some violence resulting from the boycotts and also resentment. Another disadvantage for consumers would be that some people would argue that all publicity is good publicity. Now I will compare and contrast the consumer boycott of coca cola with the consumer boycott of Nestle. Coca cola is the worlds fastest selling non-alcoholic beverage and the consumer boycott of it started on the 22nd July 2003. The reason behind the boycott is because they are accused of complicity in the assassination of 8 Sinaltrainal trade union leaders in Colombia since 1990. Sinaltrainal is a trade union and it organisers workers in the food and drink sector. Many other of the leaders have been imprisoned, tortured, forcibly displaced and exiled. Coca Cola deny any responsibility for these murders. They say that 100s of union leaders are killed every year in Columbia. However many of the murders were made inside Coca Cola plants while negotiating agreements. Coca cola management were reported in the national press as meeting and contracting members of the AUC death squads to sort out their labour problems. (Boycott Coca Cola, [online]. Available at: Since 1977, Nestle has been the subject of an international boycott for its deceptive promotion of artificial baby milk as a superior alternative to mothers milk. Artificial baby milk can harm babies because it does not contain the natural anti bodies which a mothers milk provides, and because it is extremely expensive, causing many mothers to mix it with too much water resulting in mal-nutrition. Also, in many places the water used to dilute it is not portable. Once a mother starts giving her baby the formula, her own supply of milk dries up. Nestle provides free packages of formula in hospitals with the result that many babies never ever even get a chance to start nursing. In 1988 the boycott was re-launched when it was discovered that the company did not abide by its promise to follow the World Health Organisations International Code of Marketing of Breast-Milk Substitutes. (A Consistent Corporate Criminal, [online]. Available at: ). There have been massive impacts on Nestle because of the boycott. In 1984 the boycott forced Nestle to agree to abide by the World Health Organisations International Code of Marketing of breast Milk Substitutes. But now it was discovered that the company has not abided by its promise so the boycott was re-launched. Also in one afternoon 8,500 people emailed Oxfam to complain about Nestle, this was the fastest response Oxfam says it has had to a campaign. (Charlotte Denny, 2002. Retreat by Nestle on Ethiopias $6 debt [online]. The Guardian. Available at: ). Coca cola is in the non-alcoholic beverage market whereas Nestle is one of the worlds largest food manufacturers; it is also though same as coca cola in the beverage market. With a consumer boycott against both of these two companies, this means that the demand for both of their products will decrease as a result, causing an increase in the demand for substitute goods, like Pepsi instead of Coca Cola. Also because there is a shift in the demand curve this leads to a movement along the supply curve so the price of the goods, coca cola or a nestle brand will go up from P1 to P2 and the quantity in equilibrium falls from Q1 to Q2. This is a supply and demand graph for what has happened with coca cola and Nestle because of the consumer boycott against them. This is a supply and demand graph for what happens to the demand for a substitute good like Pepsi for coca cola because of the boycott. If a company has a strong consumer loyalty then a boycott would be unlikely to have much of an effect on the number of people who choose to join in and not purchase their products, however if a company has failed to build up a strong consumer loyalty then consumers will find it easy to decide to no longer purchase their product and will purchase the competitors products. Why have both Coca Cola and Nestle continued to upset consumer groups when  they could easily change there policies and consequently have the boycotts against them lifted. The answer to this is that the company must be getting more financial gain from what ever is upsetting the consumer groups than the loss of revenue that the boycotts have brought about. Both Nestle and Coca Cola are oligopoly markets because there are just a few firms that share a large proportion of the industry. Both of the markets of Nestle and Coca Cola are differentiated, because they both produce many types of the product. Coca Cola and Nestle are the same as much of the competition between such oligopolists is in terms of the marketing of their particular brand. There are barriers to entry into both markets, these could be product differentiation and brand loyalty, where there are differentiated products where the consumer associates the product with the brand, and it will be very difficult for a new firm to break into that market. The problem would be being able to produce a product sufficiently attractive to consumers who are loyal to the familiar brand. (John Sloman, 2003. Economics. Fifth edition. (s.l.): Pearson Education). Another barrier could be lower costs for an established firm. The companies are likely to have specialised production and marketing skills. They are more likely to be aware of the most efficient techniques and the most reliable and/or cheapest suppliers. They are also likely to have access to cheaper finance, therefore operating on a lower cost curve. New firms would find it hard to compete and be likely to lose any price wars. Aggressive tactics or intimidation could also be used. (John Sloman, 2003. Economics. Fifth edition. (s.l.): Pearson Education). Because Nestle and coca cola are in the oligopoly markets they both are affected by their rivals actions and vice versa. Because of this the firms could wish to collude and act as though they are a monopoly so they could jointly maximise their profits, or the firms could try and compete with their rivals to gain a bigger share of industry profits. Because Coca Cola and Nestle are both the leading firms in their industries, tacit collusion could form where they set the prices for their markets. Oligopolists will not engage in price cutting, excessive advertising or  other forms of competition. By doing this profits will be maintained in the long run. If oligopoly firms compete, profits are low and consumers benefit. If there were a rise in price of Coca Cola or a Nestle product e.g. Nescafe, then this would lead to a large fall in the quantity demanded. This is because consumers would buy alternative substitute goods like Pepsi or another coffee brand. The reason is because both coca cola and Nestle products are elastic products. After looking at both the advantages and disadvantages of consumer boycotts, I have found out that even though the firms lose consumer loyalty, lose revenue and get public scrutiny the firms must be coming out on top and are gaining financially, otherwise they would change their ways. This is probably why Nestle maybe did start to abide by the World Health Organisations International Code of Marketing of Breast-Milk Substitutes, then realized how much revenue they were losing so changed back even knowing they were likely to have the boycott brought back aswell because they must be gaining financially, but this is only my opinion. Also the other businesses in the market that whilst their competitors are having their products boycotted can take advantage and increase their own financial position and customer base.

Importance of Language in Richard Wrights Black Boy Essay -- Wright B

The Importance of Language in Black Boy        Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Richard Wright's novel Black Boy is not only a story about one man's struggle to find freedom and intellectual happiness, it is a story about his discovery of language's inherent strengths and weaknesses. And the ways in which its power can separate one soul from another and one class from another. Throughout the novel, he moves from fear to respect, to abuse, to fear of language in a cycle of education which might be likened to a tumultuous love affair.    From the very beginning of the novel we see young Richard realize the power of language when he follows his father's literal directions and kills a cat he has befriended(12). Although he knows that this is not really what his father wants him to do, following these directions explicitly temporarily gives him a sort of power over his father's wishes. At the same time it reveals a weakness in his father, ie., his lack of control over language gives him less power. Later, when Richard must defend himself against attackers who repeatedly try to steal his mother's money(21), he learns a new and symbolic lesson: Victory can come when one has money, words (the grocery list), and a big stick to defend one's self.    His next experience with language frightens him away from it. He becomes "blind with anger"(29) when he is forced to clean four letter words from places he has written them. He does not understand how, in his innocence, he could have misused something which had only done him good in the past. After this experience, Richard shies away from the use of powerful language for many years. In one scene he refuses to blot the ink from a stack of envelopes(36), fearing, perhaps, the power of the written word, and... ..., 1953, 457-8.   Rpt. in Modern American Literature. Vol. 3.   New York: Ungar, 1960, 417. McCall, Dan.   "The Bad Nigger."   The Example of Richard Wright.   New York: Harcourt, 1969.   Rpt. in Richard Wright's Black Boy: Modern Critical Interpretations.   New York: Chelsea House, 1988. McCall, Dan.   "Wright's American Hunger."   Appiah 259-268. Moss, Robert F.   "Caged Misery."   Saturday Review.   Jan. 21, 1978, 45-7.   Rpt. in Contemporary Literary Criticism. Vol. 14.   Detroit: Gale, 1980. Skerrett, Joseph T., Jr. "Wright and the Making of Black Boy." in Richard Wright's Black Boy:   Modern Critical Interpretations.   New York: Chelsea House, 1988. Stepto, Robert.   "Literacy and Ascent: Black Boy."   Appiah, 226-254. Thaddeus, Janice.   "The Metamorphosis of Black Boy."   Appiah 272-284. Wright, Richard.   Black Boy.   New York: Harper, 1944.    Importance of Language in Richard Wright's Black Boy Essay -- Wright B The Importance of Language in Black Boy        Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Richard Wright's novel Black Boy is not only a story about one man's struggle to find freedom and intellectual happiness, it is a story about his discovery of language's inherent strengths and weaknesses. And the ways in which its power can separate one soul from another and one class from another. Throughout the novel, he moves from fear to respect, to abuse, to fear of language in a cycle of education which might be likened to a tumultuous love affair.    From the very beginning of the novel we see young Richard realize the power of language when he follows his father's literal directions and kills a cat he has befriended(12). Although he knows that this is not really what his father wants him to do, following these directions explicitly temporarily gives him a sort of power over his father's wishes. At the same time it reveals a weakness in his father, ie., his lack of control over language gives him less power. Later, when Richard must defend himself against attackers who repeatedly try to steal his mother's money(21), he learns a new and symbolic lesson: Victory can come when one has money, words (the grocery list), and a big stick to defend one's self.    His next experience with language frightens him away from it. He becomes "blind with anger"(29) when he is forced to clean four letter words from places he has written them. He does not understand how, in his innocence, he could have misused something which had only done him good in the past. After this experience, Richard shies away from the use of powerful language for many years. In one scene he refuses to blot the ink from a stack of envelopes(36), fearing, perhaps, the power of the written word, and... ..., 1953, 457-8.   Rpt. in Modern American Literature. Vol. 3.   New York: Ungar, 1960, 417. McCall, Dan.   "The Bad Nigger."   The Example of Richard Wright.   New York: Harcourt, 1969.   Rpt. in Richard Wright's Black Boy: Modern Critical Interpretations.   New York: Chelsea House, 1988. McCall, Dan.   "Wright's American Hunger."   Appiah 259-268. Moss, Robert F.   "Caged Misery."   Saturday Review.   Jan. 21, 1978, 45-7.   Rpt. in Contemporary Literary Criticism. Vol. 14.   Detroit: Gale, 1980. Skerrett, Joseph T., Jr. "Wright and the Making of Black Boy." in Richard Wright's Black Boy:   Modern Critical Interpretations.   New York: Chelsea House, 1988. Stepto, Robert.   "Literacy and Ascent: Black Boy."   Appiah, 226-254. Thaddeus, Janice.   "The Metamorphosis of Black Boy."   Appiah 272-284. Wright, Richard.   Black Boy.   New York: Harper, 1944.   

Media regs

Though freedom of the press is protected and guaranteed by the First Amendment, there have virtually always been laws limiting and defining that freedom.   These restricts stem from English common law regarding libel and defamation and from the attempts of the United States government to keep up with ever changing modern times.The initial restrictions on the freedom of the press were only in regards to libel and defamation. These concepts, dating to before the adoption of the American Constitution, were inherited restriction of the freedom of the press. Ultimately though, in American law at least, they   come down to a singular defense. It’s not libel or defamation if it is true.Libel laws require that the victim be identified, that the thing being written damages them in the eyes of a significant minority and that the accusation not be true. Under American law, truth is the ultimate libel defense. However, the American court system has also long held that the freedom does not extend to the press the right to deliberately and with malice harm a person or group by reporting fiction.   If the issue being reported is true, then there is no libel. This differs from other countries around the world, including Australia, where libel simply involves damaging another person’s reputation and the claim can be made whether or not the facts in evidence support the accusations made.The important distinctions of American libel law in lie in identification and the concept of a significant minority.   In the part, American courts have ruled that identification does not necessarily mean by name. Identification can be implied, so that a significant number of people can figure out who the individual is that is being discussed or it can be as a member of a group. For example, even if Bob Jones is never identified by name as a member of the library board, he is a part of that group.If the press then accuses all library board members of being tax cheats, and Jo nes is not, then he has been libeled as part of an identifiable group. The other interesting caveat of the law and the administration of libel law is that the victim must only prove that their reputation was damaged within a significant minority.   This wording leaves a great deal up to the discretion of the court, both in determining what is a significant minority and when that minority might believe the things that are published about an individual. Ultimately though, all journalism students in the U.S. are taught that truth is the ultimate defense. If the issue being reported is true, there is no libel.Further restricting the freedom of the press is the concept of defamation of character.   This is the statute under which most lawsuits against tabloid magazines were brought before the more modern move to accuse them of invasion of privacy. Libel requires that a person suffer actual damage as a result of the insult to their reputation, i.e. the loss of a job, relationship or s ome tangible asset. Defamation simples requires that a person was injured by the falsehoods spoken or written about them.This was well and good until 1964 when the Supreme Court ruled that public persons, politicians and others who earn their living via being in the limelight, could only sue for defamation when they could prove actual malice. This meant that unless the public figure, say the president, for example, could prove that the news organization concocted false stories knowingly for the sole purpose of harming him, he would have no right to sue. If the story was true, then he definitely had no grounds to stand on.In 1798, the U.S. Congress further restricted the freedom of the press with the Sedition Act of 1798. The sedition act said, among other things, that any â€Å"false, scandalous or malicious writings† that bring damage to the U.S. Congress, the President, or any branch of the government were illegal (Wisconsin Journalism 2005). The laws regarding seditious li bel were used to keep the press from criticizing the government and to restrict the freedom of the press. Furthermore, the government has always seen fit to regulate â€Å"adult content† in print and has in recent years also restricted the types of advertising allowed in some form of media.However, with the advent of and expansion of radio and television, the U.S. government determined it necessary to create an entirely new arm of the government to regulate the media, the Federal Communications Commission. The FCC was begun as a means of controlling the airwaves with a lot of lofty goals in place. Allegedly, there was a concern about air space.The frequency the broadcast media was using had to be apportioned so that radio stations were not stepping on each other’s signals, preventing anyone from receiving clear reception. Furthermore, by regulating the size and power of the broadcast tower, the FCC claimed it was preventing the rcih stations from dominating the airwave s with might instead of talent or desire. The plan then, was to increase competition by making sure than everyone was on a level playing field.As time progressed, the FCC also worried about the influence that the broadcast media held and installed limitations on the number of television stations and radio stations that could be controlled by a single company or person. The idea was to again promote competition and prevent one faction from having superior control over the information accessible to the average citizen.   In further support of this, in 1949, the FCC instituted the Fairness Doctrine, a rule that said if a broadcast media gave a specific amount of time to one side of an issue, it was required to give the same amount of time to the other side.This was done theoretically to promote fair and balanced reporting of issues so that the public could make informed decision regarding political issues, rather than being completely influenced by hearing only one side of an issue. Paid advertising was exempted, except that the media had to charge the same price to whatever person wanted to buy advertising space rather than offering special deals to the side of an issue supported by the editorial staff of the station.The fairness doctrine was later withdrawn as unnecessary, but there have been some efforts recently to bring it back. Largely, these efforts come in the form of diatribes against right-wing talk radio, saying that because the talk show hows do not present fair and balanced reporting of the issues, the stations which air them should be forced to offer a show with a counter point. Opponents of this argue that free market competition has made the right-wing talk shows profitable and that commerce, not politics, has dictated the content of most broadcast stations.Because of the differing availability of broadcast television and radio, the FCC has also felt more comfortable with restricting the types of advertising that these stations may accept and wh en they may air it.   The FCC banned some alcohol commercials and all cigarette advertising from the broadcast media in an attempt to legislate a healthier country. Proponents of the restrictions say that manufacturers were unfairly using the psychological impact of broadcasting to influence people of an inappropriate age range to drink or smoke. Further restrictions have run the gamit from requiring alcohol manufacturers to encourage responsible drinking to forcing tobacco companies to rethink and redesign trademark logos.In short, the FCC has tried to regulate the broadcast media at any turn that it appears the American public is likely to accept. They have been able to do this by differentiating between the press and the mass media when it suits them. And, the FCC has tried to regulate the print media as well, from suing Hustler for its publication of pornography to creating and overseeing joint operating agreements between major metropolitan newspapers, forcing the papers, onc e owned by the same company, to maintain separate editorial boards to preserve the appearance of competition and diversity in news.The FCC has also tried to regulate even more modern media forms with attacks on the internet and attempts to regulate how Americans access the world wide web.   This over regulation has led to a backlash with many people believing that the industry needs to be de-regulated and the FCC in a precarious position. In recent years it has fined broadcast networks for the language and behavior of shock jocks, for â€Å"wardrobe malfunctions† at the Super Bowl, and for language used during prime time television.But an increasingly media savvy nation is demanding that they back off. Yes, some people were offended with the sight of Janet Jackson’s breast in a time when people believed the programming to be â€Å"family-friendly†, but at the same time, people are also calling on the offended to regulate themselves and turn off the programs th ey find offensive. Many people no longer believe in the government’s right or need to protect people. After all, what tech savvy child can’t find his way to much more gratuitous sites on the internet?The relaxing of the regulations on the broadcast media is long overdue.   The broadcast media has been ham strung for years by the overregulation by the FCC. It has suffered through undue restrictions and made to compete with cable television which did not suffer from the same sort of restrictions. They have been subjected to the whims of the FCC and have had restricted advertising revenues due to FCC regulations. The reality is that Americans are tech savvy enough now to restrict themselves. If they want to keep their families from viewing in appropriate materials, they can do so via parental controls or a v-chip.   It should not be the government’s responsibility to legislate morality.Furthermore, the regulations either need to be applied across the board or n ot at all. The FCC has not kept pace with technology in the modern era, and has thus not had Congress give it jurisdiction over newer forms of communication including cable television and satellite radio. As these things become commonplace, by regulating the broadcast media that uses the free airwaves and not the pay-for-use broadcast media,   the FCC places the free media at a distinct disadvantage and should not do so.While some restrictions on the freedom of the press, such as libel and defamation laws are appropriate, laws aimed at â€Å"protecting society† from itself, including advertising and pornography restrictions should be lifted. Once again, the government should trust the free market to decide as it did in the Imus’ case. No FCC interference was needed to get the bigoted talk show host off the air. The fair market did its job, demanding that he be removed or th station face lost revenue. That should be the way the media is regulated.WORKS CONSULTED †Å"America’s Battle over Media Ownership† The Economist, Sep. 11, 2003. , June 29, 2007.Hendrickson, Chris T and Francis Clay McMichael. â€Å"Controlling Contraditctions among Regulations†   The American Economic Review, Vo. 75, No. 4. Sep., 1985, pp. 876-877.â€Å"Media Regulation†, PBS,, June 29, 2007.

Nursing ethics

The ethical concerns that I have related to this dilemma are many. What is the doctor’s responsibility to try to stop the mother’s contractions? What are the limits of the attempts that should be made to save the child?   Should the mother be allowed to risk her own life to attempt to save the life of a child that is probably not viable outside the womb? Should the doctor plan a cesarean section despite the fact that the infant will probably die as soon as it is removed from the mother’s womb?   I can’t imagine making this decision personally, but many mothers are forced to make it every day. Here is the situation that lead to my ethical quandary.I have a patient who is 3 week ante partum and has had premature rupture of membranes. This condition could cause hemorrhaging for her and death of the infant in uterus. In layman’s terms, both she and the infant are at risk of death. She is starting to contract and the physician will not do anything si nce the fetus is not considered viable. The physician has described the issues of having a vaginal birth versus a cesarean section with this patient because the fetus is breech.The patient wants everything to be done to save this baby. As described above, the issues are exceedingly complex. The physician appears to have determined that the child is a lost cause and is thinking only of the health of the mother, but this is contrary to her wishes. Should the mother’s desire to save her child be allowed to override her own survival instincts? And, what role, if any, should the child’s father have in decision-making process?My literature survey for this situation was amazingly frustrating. I expected there to be a great deal of study materials available regarding this topic. It is, in essence, the quintessential ethical debate: do you save the life of the mother or the life of the child?   And, there is the question of the doctor’s ethics. Should he be able to det ermine the best medical course of action if it is contrary to the mother’s wishes? And, who determines when a fetus is viable? Can we allow it to be based on an arbitrary date?I found a lot of older research regarding the ethics of abortion and approaching the discussion of fetal viability from that point of view, but there was nothing recent and nothing than dealt with miscarriages as opposed to abortion. And, there was nothing that talked about the discussion of the life of the mother versus the life of the child. I think this would clearly be a great place for additional study.I think specifically the ethical question of whether medical decisions should be made contrary to the patient’s wishes should also be considered. Right now, as a society, we allow a person to make their own decisions about their health care even though we do not allow them to determine when or how they die.What I did find were several articles regarding the mental trauma that miscarriage and s tillbirth inflict on the mother and an interesting article promoting the development of advanced directives regarding pregnancy health care. Of all the articles, this is the one that I found most interesting and directly applicable to the situation at hand.In this article, Anita Caitlin proposes that obstetricians think outside the box and promote the development of advanced directives for prenatal and delivery care.   The proposal is simple, just as a person can create a living will for care during a terminal illness or traumatic injury, a pregnant woman would in her early weeks of pregnancy discuss in depth with her doctor the potential things that could go wrong and develop a plan of action.   For instance, a woman would decide at the very beginning of the pregnancy what circumstances would lead to her decision for a cesarean section (Caitlin, 2005).This would eliminate the need to make the decision during a high stress time, since we can assume that such decision would cause stress, and at a time that the mother’s mental and emotional state is impacted by the high levels of hormones associated with pregnancy. I understand that being able to hold a woman to the advanced directives would be impossible, but a woman could elect to rely on the already issued directive and not add the trauma of making a decision to an already stressful time.This would also allow the person to discuss the eventualities with those whom she believes have a right to have a say in her life instead of just those that the laws say have a right to assist with her decision-making (next of kin, when the patient is incapacitated).Another article that drew my attention that I found in my literature review was a discussion about the ethical concerns some doctors have about making medical recommendations that are contrary to their own moral and ethical beliefs.â€Å"A growing number of doctors, nurses, and pharmacies are refusing to provide, refer, or even tell their patients abou t care options that they feel are not in keeping with their own personal religious beliefs,† stated Barbara Kavadias, Director of Field Services at the Religious Coalition and leader of the three-year project that created In Good Conscience. â€Å"Institutions are refusing to provide essential care, citing their religious commitments.† (Bioweek, 2007)This is a growing ethical trend in medical care that I have some major concerns with. Take, for instance, the case of my current patient. If she were (or is) being treated by a doctor who believes all life is sacred, he might be willing to risk the life of the mother in an effort to try to save the child. In this case, it is difficult to determine how a person with these moral concerns might treat the patient. Taking the child via c-section is probably the best for option to preserve the mother’s life. It may result in the immediate death of the fetus. Waiting and trying to abate the mother’s contractions may provide the child with a greater chance of survival, but also puts extra risk on the mother’s life. At that point, what are the criteria used by those with this moral outlook to determine the proper course of action?These questions are likely to grow in controversy as technology increases and the fetus is increasingly viable outside of the womb. The more that society becomes able to keep a child alive without the benefit of the mother, the more questions regarding the ethics of doing so or not doing so will grow in prominence. It is absolutely possible that with increasing medical technology and the ability to prolong life we will have additional debates regarding who gets to determine what lives are worth saving and what lives are lost.I believe that a trend toward making informed decisions is a good one and a move in the right direction, taking people away from having to make a decision in a crisis situation. I also think that it is worthwhile to discuss the role of the fat her in the decision-making process. Because of the trend toward increasing women’s rights and in an effort to prevent a return to the days of the complete male dominance, society appears to be moving away from the rights of a souse to have a say in decisions that affect them.For example, the birth of a child is an 18-year (minimum) commitment for men as well and in an effort to secure the rights of women, we have completely removed the father from the decision-making process. As a human, I believe that ultimate control of a person’s body should be his or her own, but it is also reasonable to believe that a spouse (or life partner) should have some say in the decision. In the case of m patient, I cannot believe that a loving partner would encourage her to risk her own life for the tiny chance to save a child which would already have been lost if not for technology.Works CitedCaitlin, Anita. â€Å"Thinking Outside the Box: Prenatal Care and the Call for a Prenatal Advan ce Directive†Journal of Perinatal & Neonatal Nursing. Frederick: Apr-Jun 2005. Vol. 19, Iss. 2; pg. 169.Geller, Pamela A. â€Å"Understanding distress in the aftermath of miscarriage† Network News. Washington: Sep/Oct 2002. Vol. 27, Iss. 5; pg. 4.Klier, C. M. , P. A. Geller, J. B. Ritsher. â€Å"Affective disorders in the aftermath of miscarriage: A comprehensive review†,Archives of Women's Mental Health. Wien: Dec 2002. Vol. 5, Iss. 4; p. 129.‘Religious Coalition for Reproductive Choice; Religious Leaders Call for New Efforts to Reverse Growing Imposition of Sectarian Religious Beliefs on Reproductive and End-of-Life Care† Biotech Week. Atlanta: May 9, 2007. pg. 973 Nursing Ethics Nursing EthicsCaring has long been claimed as a concept at the heart of nursing, sometimes described as the thing that distinguishes nursing from other professions. Care is increasingly recognized as the moral foundation, ideal and imperative of nursing. What counts as caring at any particular historical moment is highly dependent on context; meanings of care are historically contingent and change over time. Caring is not just a subjective and material experience but one in which particular historical circumstances, ideologies and power relations create the conditions under which caring can occur, the forms it takes and the consequences it will have for those who undertake it.Ethical selves are shaped by social discourses that situate care in relation to broader formations of gender, religion, class and ethnicity as well as factors such as age, nationality and physical location. Since 1900 no decade has passed without publication of at least one basic text in nursing ethics with one of the first discrete texts on nursing ethics being published as early as 1888 (Orr   2004). Since the inception of modern nursing in the last century, nurses globally have taken seriously their moral responsibilities as health care practitioners; they have also taken seriously the issues which have emerged as a consequence of their attempts to fulfill these responsibilities effectively.As professionals working in the health care domain, very clear that nurses like other health care professionals cannot escape the tensions that are being caused by the radically opposing and competing moral viewpoints that are presently pulling the health care arena and indeed the world apart. An important question to arise here is: how can the nursing profession best respond to this predicament? There is, of course, no simple final answer to this question.Nevertheless there is at least one crucial point that needs to be made, and it is this: it is vitally important that nurses learn to recognize t he cyclical processes of social and cultural change, and realize that they themselves are participants in this change. Once realizing this, they also need to learn that, as participants in these cyclical transformations, they are positioned and have a stringent moral responsibility to sensitively and artfully advocate for the mediation of the extreme and multiple positions they might (and very often do) find themselves caught between. They also have a moral responsibility to facilitate this mediation by acting as mediators themselves.Nursing ethics can be defined broadly as the examination of all kinds of ethical and bioethical issues from the perspective of nursing theory and practice which, in turn, rest on the agreed core concepts of nursing, namely: person, culture, care, health, healing, environment, and nursing itself (Narvà ¡ez & Rest 1994). In this regard, then, contrary to popular belief, nursing ethics is not synonymous with (and indeed is much greater than) an ethic of c are, although an ethic of care has an important place in the overall moral scheme of nursing.Nursing, like other health professionals, encounter many moral problems in the course of their everyday professional practice. These problems range from the relatively simple to the extraordinarily complex, and can cause varying degrees of perplexity and distress in those who encounter them. For instance, some moral problems are relatively easy to resolve and may cause little if any distress to those involved; other problems, however, may be extremely difficult or even impossible to resolve, and may cause a great deal of moral stress and distress for those encountering them.In making an interpretation of the particular situation in which there is a moral problem, persons who have empathy and can take the perspective of others, and who care for others – even people who are quite different from themselves – are likely to exhibit high levels of moral sensitivity. A person must be able to reason about a situation and make a judgment about which course of action is morally right, thus labeling one possible line of action as what ought morally to be done in that situation (Narvà ¡ez & Rest 1994). Both a strong desire to do what is most morally defensible and a strong caring for other humans is necessary in order for a professional person to put aside a possible action that would serve self-interest in favor of the most ethical alternative action.Nurses have as much independent moral responsibility for their actions (and omissions) as they have independent legal responsibility, and are just as accountable for their practice morally as they are legally. Nurses must be accorded the recognition and legitimated authority necessary to enable them to fulfill their many and complex responsibilities as professionals bound by agreed standards of care. It can be seen that the prospects of virtue ethics are indeed promising in nursing ethics.The agreed ethical standards o f nursing require nurses to promote the genuine welfare and wellbeing of people in need of help through nursing care, and to do so in a manner that is safe, competent, therapeutically effective, culturally relevant, and just. These standards also recognize that in the ultimate analysis nurses can never escape the reality that they literally hold human wellbeing in their, and accordingly must act responsively and responsibly to protect it (Bioethics for beginners). These requirements are demonstrably consistent with a virtue theory account of ethics.The nursing profession worldwide has a rich and distinctive history of identifying and responding substantively to ethical issues in nursing and health care domains. In today's highly technical health-care system, there seems to be general agreement that nurses must be rational, logical thinkers who can incorporate the tradition of justice that draws on long-established modes of moral reasoning. Nursing should be a relationship in which c ompassion, competence, confidence, justice, prudence, temperance, caring, honesty, responsibility and commitment are mobilized by the care-giver to promote the health and well-being of those in need of care.The neglect or overemphasis of any one of these would cause for an imbalance in care. Hospital conditions are not those of ordinary life. Nursing deals with the unusual and the abnormal. Within the walls of the hospital nurses find that they must accept all people as they are, and devote themselves mainly to their physical betterment. However, an integrative theory of nursing ethics that synthesizes caring and justice has yet to be developed. Tensions in nursing among loyalty to patients, to physicians, to self, and to employing agencies provide a context for the development of ethics in nursing over the past century and nursing's participation in health care reform today.BibliographyBotes, A. (2000). A comparison between the ethics of justice and the ethics of care.   Journal of Advanced Nursing, 32, 1021.Chin, P. L. (2001). Nursing and ethics: The maturing of the discipline. Advances in Nursing Science, 24(2), 63-64.Edwards, N. (1999). Nursing ethics: How did we get here, and what are we doing about it? Surgical Services Management, 5(1), 20-22.Botes, A. (2000). A comparison between the ethics of justice and the ethics of care. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 35, 1071.Elder, R., Price, J., & Williams, G. (2003). Differences in ethical attitudes between registered nurses and medical students. Nursing Ethics, 10, 149-164.Gatzke, H., & Ransom, J. E. (2001). New skills for the new age: Preparing nurses for the 21st century. Nursing Forum, 36(3), 13-17.Narvà ¡ez, D. and Rest, J. (1994). Moral Development in the Professions: Psychology and Applied Ethics. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates: Hillsdale, NJ.Orr, Robert D. (2004). â€Å"Ethics & Life's Ending: An Exchange.† First Things: A Monthly Journal of Religion and Public Life, 145.Peter, E., & Morgan, K. P. (2000). Exploration of a trust approach for nursing ethics. Nursing Inquiry, 8(3),  10. Nursing Ethics Caring has long been claimed as a concept at the heart of nursing, sometimes described as the thing that distinguishes nursing from other professions. Care is increasingly recognized as the moral foundation, ideal and imperative of nursing. What counts as caring at any particular historical moment is highly dependent on context; meanings of care are historically contingent and change over time. Caring is not just a subjective and material experience but one in which particular historical circumstances, ideologies and power relations create the conditions under which caring can occur, the forms it takes and the consequences it will have for those who undertake it.Ethical selves are shaped by social discourses that situate care in relation to broader formations of gender, religion, class and ethnicity as well as factors such as age, nationality and physical location. Since 1900 no decade has passed without publication of at least one basic text in nursing ethics with one of the first d iscrete texts on nursing ethics being published as early as 1888 (Orr   2004). Since the inception of modern nursing in the last century, nurses globally have taken seriously their moral responsibilities as health care practitioners; they have also taken seriously the issues which have emerged as a consequence of their attempts to fulfill these responsibilities effectively.As professionals working in the health care domain, very clear that nurses like other health care professionals cannot escape the tensions that are being caused by the radically opposing and competing moral viewpoints that are presently pulling the health care arena and indeed the world apart. An important question to arise here is: how can the nursing profession best respond to this predicament? There is, of course, no simple final answer to this question.Nevertheless there is at least one crucial point that needs to be made, and it is this: it is vitally important that nurses learn to recognize the cyclical pr ocesses of social and cultural change, and realize that they themselves are participants in this change. Once realizing this, they also need to learn that, as participants in these cyclical transformations, they are positioned and have a stringent moral responsibility to sensitively and artfully advocate for the mediation of the extreme and multiple positions they might (and very often do) find themselves caught between. They also have a moral responsibility to facilitate this mediation by acting as mediators themselves.Nursing ethics can be defined broadly as the examination of all kinds of ethical and bioethical issues from the perspective of nursing theory and practice which, in turn, rest on the agreed core concepts of nursing, namely: person, culture, care, health, healing, environment, and nursing itself (Narvà ¡ez & Rest 1994). In this regard, then, contrary to popular belief, nursing ethics is not synonymous with (and indeed is much greater than) an ethic of care, although an ethic of care has an important place in the overall moral scheme of nursing. Nursing, like other health professionals, encounter many moral problems in the course of their everyday professional practice.These problems range from the relatively simple to the extraordinarily complex, and can cause varying degrees of perplexity and distress in those who encounter them. For instance, some moral problems are relatively easy to resolve and may cause little if any distress to those involved; other problems, however, may be extremely difficult or even impossible to resolve, and may cause a great deal of moral stress and distress for those encountering them. In making an interpretation of the particular situation in which there is a moral problem, persons who have empathy and can take the perspective of others, and who care for others – even people who are quite different from themselves – are likely to exhibit high levels of moral sensitivity.A person must be able to reason about a situation and make a judgment about which course of action is morally right, thus labeling one possible line of action as what ought morally to be done in that situation (Narvà ¡ez & Rest 1994). Both a strong desire to do what is most morally defensible and a strong caring for other humans is necessary in order for a professional person to put aside a possible action that would serve self-interest in favor of the most ethical alternative action.Nurses have as much independent moral responsibility for their actions (and omissions) as they have independent legal responsibility, and are just as accountable for their practice morally as they are legally. Nurses must be accorded the recognition and legitimated authority necessary to enable them to fulfill their many and complex responsibilities as professionals bound by agreed standards of care. It can be seen that the prospects of virtue ethics are indeed promising in nursing ethics.The agreed ethical standards of nursing requ ire nurses to promote the genuine welfare and wellbeing of people in need of help through nursing care, and to do so in a manner that is safe, competent, therapeutically effective, culturally relevant, and just. These standards also recognize that in the ultimate analysis nurses can never escape the reality that they literally hold human wellbeing in their, and accordingly must act responsively and responsibly to protect it (Bioethics for beginners). These requirements are demonstrably consistent with a virtue theory account of ethics.The nursing profession worldwide has a rich and distinctive history of identifying and responding substantively to ethical issues in nursing and health care domains. In today's highly technical health-care system, there seems to be general agreement that nurses must be rational, logical thinkers who can incorporate the tradition of justice that draws on long-established modes of moral reasoning. Nursing should be a relationship in which compassion, com petence, confidence, justice, prudence, temperance, caring, honesty, responsibility and commitment are mobilized by the care-giver to promote the health and well-being of those in need of care.The neglect or overemphasis of any one of these would cause for an imbalance in care. Hospital conditions are not those of ordinary life. Nursing deals with the unusual and the abnormal. Within the walls of the hospital nurses find that they must accept all people as they are, and devote themselves mainly to their physical betterment. However, an integrative theory of nursing ethics that synthesizes caring and justice has yet to be developed. Tensions in nursing among loyalty to patients, to physicians, to self, and to employing agencies provide a context for the development of ethics in nursing over the past century and nursing's participation in health care reform today.Bibliographyâ€Å"Bioethics for beginners.† Available from: dttp://www.med.upenn.edu/~bioethicBotes, A. (2000). A co mparison between the ethics of justice and the ethics of care.   Journal of Advanced Nursing, 32, 1021.Chin, P. L. (2001). Nursing and ethics: The maturing of the discipline. Advances in Nursing Science, 24(2), 63-64.Edwards, N. (1999). Nursing ethics: How did we get here, and what are we doing about it? Surgical Services Management, 5(1), 20-22.Botes, A. (2000). A comparison between the ethics of justice and the ethics of care. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 35, 1071.Elder, R., Price, J., & Williams, G. (2003). Differences in ethical attitudes between registered nurses and medical students. Nursing Ethics, 10, 149-164.Gatzke, H., & Ransom, J. E. (2001). New skills for the new age: Preparing nurses for the 21st century. Nursing Forum, 36(3), 13-17.Narvà ¡ez, D. and Rest, J. (1994). Moral Development in the Professions: Psychology and Applied Ethics. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates: Hillsdale, NJ.Orr, Robert D. (2004). â€Å"Ethics & Life's Ending: An Exchange.† First Things: A M onthly Journal of Religion and Public Life, 145.Peter, E., & Morgan, K. P. (2000). Exploration of a trust approach for nursing ethics. Nursing Inquiry, 8(3),

Definition and Examples of a Lingua Franca

Definition and Examples of a Lingua Franca A lingua franca (pronounced LING-wa FRAN-ka) is a language or mixture of languages used as a medium of communication by people whose native languages are different. It is from the Italian, language Frankish and also known as a trade language, contact language, international language, and global language. The term English as a lingua franca (ELF) refers to the teaching, learning, and use of the English language as a common means of communication for speakers of different native languages. Examples and Observations Where a language is widely used over a relatively large geographical area as a language of wider communication, it is known as a lingua francaa common language but one which is native only to some of its speakers. The term lingua franca itself is an extension of the use of the name of the original Lingua Franca, a Medieval trading pidgin used in the Mediterranean region. (M. Sebba, Contact Languages: Pidgins and Creoles. Palgrave, 1997) English as a Lingua Franca (ELF) The status of English is such that it has been adopted as the worlds lingua franca for communication in Olympic sport, international trade, and air-traffic control. Unlike any other language, past or present, English has spread to all five continents and has become a truly global language. (G. Nelson and B. Aarts, Investigating English Around the World, The Workings of Language, ed. by R. S. Wheeler. Greenwood, 1999)Even though everybody around the world speaks Englishsort ofin their dealings with American media and business, politics, and culture, the English that is spoken is a lingua franca, a Bodysnatched English to be carefully scrutinized as to its meanings when it is used by a foreign culture. (Karin Dovring, English as Lingua Franca: Double Talk in Global Persuasion. Praeger, 1997)But what do we mean by the term English as a lingua franca? The term lingua franca is usually taken to mean any lingual medium of communication between people of different mother tongues, for whom i t is a second language (Samarin, 1987, p. 371). In this definition, then, a lingua franca has no native speakers, and this notion is carried over into definitions of English as a lingua franca, such as in the following example: [ELF] is a contact language between persons who share neither a common native tongue nor a common (national) culture, and for whom English is the chosen foreign language of communication (Firth, 1996, p. 240).Clearly, the role of English as the chosen foreign language of communication in Europe is an extremely important one, and one that is on the increase. . . . It is important to note that this means that both in Europe as well as in the world as a whole, English is now a language that is mainly used by bi- and multilinguals, and that its (often monolingual) native speakers are a minority. (Barbara Seidlhofer, Common Property: English as a Lingua Franca in Europe. International Handbook of English Language Teaching, ed. by Jim Cummins and Chris Davison. Spr inger, 2007) Globish as a Lingua Franca I want to draw a distinction between a language which is spread through nurture, a mother tongue, and a language that is spread through recruitment, which is a lingua franca. A lingua franca is a language that you consciously learn because you need to, because you want to. A mother tongue is a language that you learn because you cant help it. The reason English is spreading around the world at the moment is because of its utility as a lingua franca. Globisha simplified version of English thats used around the worldwill be there as long as it is needed, but since its not being picked up as a mother tongue, its not typically being spoken by people to their children. It is not getting effectively to first base, the most crucial first base for long-term survival of a language. (Nicholas Ostler quoted by Robert McCrum in My Bright Idea: English Is On the Up but One Day Will Die Out. The Observer, October 31, 2010) Cyberspace English Because the cyberspace community, at least at the moment, is overwhelmingly English speaking, it is appropriate to say that English is its unofficial language. . . .The colonial past, imperialistic stealth, and the emergence of other language blocs in cyberspace as it grows will minimize in due time the preeminence of English as the de facto language of cyberspace. . . .[Jukka] Korpela sees another alternative to cyberspace English and a constructed language. He predicts the development of better language machine translation algorithms. Such algorithms will result in efficient and sufficient quality language translators, and there will be no need for a lingua franca. (J. M. Kizza, Ethical and Social Issues in the Information Age. Springer, 2007)